Lampwork beads .... when the bead is complete, it needs to cool slowly enough so it will not thermal shock and crack, and so my beads are annealed in a digitally controlled kiln to ensure they are strong and durable. 
....are created by melting narrow rods of glass in an oxygen/propa
ne flame on a special torch.
.... the molten glass is wound around a mandrel, a thin length of stainless steel, and the space occupied by the mandrel becomes the hole through the bead.
.... turning the mandrel and holding it in different positions allows gravity to help the bead take shape, but tools are also used to push and pull the glass.
